How I used these materials/9th Grade Physical Science
From OOGEEP
Submitted by Shelly Christoff, Norton City Schools
Consider energy education and your curriculum. How can you incorporate what you have learned into your science curriculum? Brainstorm some ideas that would include a science concept that needs to be taught, a variety of teaching methods to address retention, and the use of graphic organizers.
Contents |
[edit] Objectives
1. SWBAT describe how carbon atoms bond covalently to form organic compounds, such as methane.
2. SWBAT identify the names and structures of groups of simple organic compounds and polymers.
3. SWBAT identify physical and chemical properties of organic compounds.
4. SWBAT determine how scientific advancements have influenced today’s society.
[edit] Standards
Investigate the properties of substances (e.g. density, hardness, flexibility…) Explain how changes in these physical properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of the substance. (PS-C).
Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons and that in a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms, and total mass must be the same before and after the reaction (e.g. writing correct chemical formulas & writing balanced chemical equations). (PS-B-9-7) Describe advances and issues in physical science that have important, long-lasting effects on science and society (e.g. plastics). (PS-H-9-27).
[edit] Ways to incorporate different teaching methods
- Lecture
This will be a PowerPoint presentation consisting of introducing the terms: organic compound, hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, polymers. See PowerPoint: http://www.geleerd.net/oogeepwiki/File:Physical_5.4_PPT._PDF_(OOGEEP).pdf.
- Reading
Students will be given a “newspaper” featuring the city of Akron. After reading the newspaper, students will answer the following questions (See Resources): 1. How has industry changed in the city of Akron? 2. Why is Akron’s roller derby team called “Rubber City Roller Girls” and why would an Akron store owner called his or her shop “Rubber City Clothing”? 3. The city of Akron needs to decide whether to spend money furthering the advancement of synthetic rubber (polymer) or the aviation of dirigibles. Write an editorial letter to the newspaper in favor of your choice. 4. How would you persuade someone into moving into Akron?
- Audio-visual
During the PowerPoint presentation, polymer products will be passed around. (Milk jugs (polyethene), neoprene, Bakelite, synthetic rubber, PVC, nylon…)
- Demonstrations
The activity “Polymer Memory” will be done as a demo. Polymers that return to their original shape after stretching can be thought of as having a “memory”. In this activity, students will compare the memory of a rubber band with that of the plastic rings that hold a six-pack of soda cans together.
- Discussion Groups
(each group will need a hot plate): In a small group, students will answer the following questions regarding “Polymer Memory”: 1.) Which polymer stretches better without breaking? 2.) Which one has better memory? 3.) Warm the stretched six-pack holder over a hot plate, being careful not to melt it. Does it retain its memory?
- Practice by Doing
Students will perform a lab titled, “What properties does a polymer have?” (See Lab)
- Teach Others/Immediate Use of Learning
After the PowerPoint lecture, students will make their own set of flashcards for the normal alkanes. One side will have the name of the alkane and the other side will have the molecular formula. Students will get into pairs and quiz each other on the names and formulas.
- Use of Technology
Students will use the computers to research the following topic: How are plastic polymers recycled?
- 21st Century Skills
Students will compare the stock market graphs of two major companies headquartered in Akron, Ohio.
(Check online stock for latest information for Goodyear Tire and Rubber and First Energy Corp) Students will answer the following questions:
1. You hold stock in both companies. At noon, you decide you want to sell one of your stocks. Which stock will yield the best payout at that particular time?
2. On this particular day, which stock fluctuated the least?
3. At 4 pm, you want to buy more stock at the lowest price. Which stock would you buy and why?
[edit] Lab
Background: A polymer is a large molecule that is formed by more than 5 repeating subunits of organic molecules. Polymers are made up of billions of chains. Some examples of natural polymers are: rubber, wood, cotton, wool, starch, protein, & DNA. Man made polymers are: plastics & fibers, such as, ropes, carpet, artificial turf, plastic wrap, nylon pantyhose, trash bags and plastic containers. Plastics are flexible & easily moldable, whereas fibers form long, thin strands. The elasticity of the polymer is determined by its structure. A more elastic polymer may have its molecules cross-linked, in which the chains are connected to each other, like a volleyball net. This type of polymer can return to its original shape after it is stretched. A less elastic polymer may have tangled chains, but they are still able to slide past each other. You can dent a milk jug because it is flexible, but it does not bounce back to its original shape because it is not elastic.
Safety Caution: Wear goggles, gloves, and a laboratory aprons. Be sure to work in an open space & wear clothes that can be cleaned easily. Procedure: 1. In the first beaker, mix 4 g of borax with 100 ml of water, and stir well. 2. In the second beaker, mix equal parts of glue & water. Mix together 75 ml of glue and 75 ml of water. This solution will determine the amount of new material made. The glue will become diluted (watery). 3. Optional step: After you have diluted your glue, drop in 2-3 drops of food coloring to dye your substance. 4. Pour the borax solution (first beaker) into the beaker containing the diluted glue (second beaker), and stir well using a plastic spoon. 4. When it becomes too thick to stir, remove the material from the cup and knead it with your fingers. You can store this new material in a plastic sandwich bag.
Analysis:
1. What happens to the new material when it is stretched, or rolled into a ball & bounced?
2. Compare the physical properties of the glue with those of the new material.
3. The properties of the new material resulted from the bonds between the borax & glue particles. If too little borax were used, in what way would the properties of the new materials differ?
4. Does the new material have the properties of a polymer? Explain how you reached this conclusion.
When you combine them, the sodium borate (Na2B4O7) from the borax, acts as a crosslinker to link the chains of the polyvinyl alcohol together, resulting in a big gooey mass of slime. Or depending on the amount of borax, your polymer will turn out to be more like silly putty. (There's more to it; the full explanation can be found at Argonne National Laboratory’s “Ask a Scientist”.) Real Silly Putty is made from boric acid and silicone, both easily-obtainable substances. However, the reaction to combine them has been described as "violent," so perhaps it's best to stick with Elmer's and Borax 20-Mule Team!
[edit] Graphic Organizers
Use a web to compare the physical and chemical properties of different organic compounds, such as the alkanes. Key: Center word should be “alkanes”. On the left side of the web will be the chemical properties of 3 different alkanes. Branching off the circle (to the left) will be: “methane” , “propane”, & “butane”. Students will use the computer to research the 3 chemical properties for each of these. Methane’s chemical properties could be: “flammable” “reactive w/ oxidizers & halogens” “non-toxic”. To the right of the circle, the words “methane”, “propane”, & “butane” are repeated. Students will research 3 physical properties of each of these. Methane’s physical properties could be: “colorless”, “odorless”, “boiling point of -161 °C at 1 atm”. Students will continue to research 3 chemical properties for propane and butane as well as research 3 physical properties for propane and butane.
[edit] Field trips or Speakers
To reinforce the science concepts of the lessons, I would arrange one or more field trips or a guest speaker. Options include:
1. Touring the Polymer Science Building at the University of Akron. Most floors are restricted, but it is possible that it can be arranged that a teaching assistant or professor give us a tour. In addition, we could tour the Geology and Chemistry Departments to learn more about organic compounds. We could also tour the other science buildings to learn more about careers in science.
2. Touring the national headquarters of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. If this is possible, we could learn more about the industrial history of Akron, as well as, gain knowledge regarding synthetic rubbers (polymers).
3. Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens offers a one hour presentation by a guest speaker who will come to the classroom. One option is the presentation “The House That Rubber Built”. This presentation offers an inside look at the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company from the rubber-making process to how the company (and community) grew. This estate was built by F. A. Seiberling, founder of Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
[edit] Additional Resources
1. News Article Sample
Akron (pronounced /ˈækrən/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Summit County. The municipality is situated on the Ohio and Erie Canal and Little Cuyahoga River, approximately 39 miles south of Cleveland midway between New York City and Chicago. As of 2000, the city proper had a total population of 217,074, being the fifth largest city in Ohio and 81st in the United States.[4] The Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area, covers both, Summit and Portage counties. In 2000, the area had a population of 694,960 and in 2009, estimates placed the population at 699,935.[5] Akron is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2000 had a population of 2,945,831, and ranked as the country's 14th largest. Like many former urban manufacturing centers of the U.S. Rust Belt, Akron's population has declined, falling from a peak of 290,351 in 1960, to just over two-thirds of that today. Due to spawning many industries in the 1800s, Akron became a boom town, as the fastest growing city in America. Some well-known industries that began in Akron include, American trucking, cereal, toy and marble, rubber, and tire. (Wikipedia, Date of Access: 6/29/10)
2. Rubber City Clothing
UPublish story by Eric Rosso POSTED: 04:34 p.m. EDT, Jun 12, 2009 Akron isn’t the biggest or best known city. It doesn’t have an iconic skyscraper or picture perfect skyline. Akron isn’t known for being a cultural hub brimming with fashion and art. But, one locally owned and operated clothing company is changing that. Rubber City Clothing, 18 North High Street, is an Akron-based clothing company that Ed Gaffney started in 2004. The company was started as a way to show off hometown pride. Since Rubber City Clothing’s inception, the company has expanded from silk screening shirts out of Gaffney’s home to operating out of their recently renovated building in historic downtown Akron and adding sister store, Made In Akron, 16 South Highland Ave in Highland Square.
3. Article
Akron Then: Rubber Capital of the World, Akron Now: World-Renowned Center for Polymer Research and Development The University of Akron's tradition as a leader in polymer science and polymer engineering started when Professor C. M. Knight set up the world's first academic rubber chemistry laboratory and began teaching a course in rubber chemistry in 1909. From this humble beginning the University's program gained momentum as Akron and its industry became known as the Rubber Capital of the World. Today the College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is the foremost and largest academic program in the nation dedicated to teaching and research in polymers, with 30 faculty members and more than 200 graduate students. Intensive short courses have a long tradition here as well, as this one which has its 52nd anniversary this year. Our educational outreach programs are now coordinated by the University's Akron Polymer Training Center, which offers specialized training at all levels of the polymer industry, from technicians to engineers. (Excerpt from Akron Polymer Training Center at The University of Akron, Date of Access: 6/29/10)
4. The Goodyear Blimp
Since 1925, Goodyear blimps have adorned the skies as very visible corporate icons of the world's largest tire and rubber company that began operations in 1898. The USS Akron and USS Macon were designed as aerial aircraft carriers and could launch and retrieve specially equipped planes while in flight. Although a good concept, sadly, both airships were lost in storms within two years of going into service, effectively ending the era of the rigid airships. In the 1940s and 1950s, Goodyear built a series of large surveillance airships used to protect merchant fleets along the coast. They also served as early warning radar stations. Some of these airships could stay aloft for more than a week at a time. In fact, an airship of this type still holds the flying endurance record of 11 days in flight. The airship was a Goodyear-built ZPG-2 called the Snow Bird. In March 1957, it flew from Weymouth, Massachusetts, to Europe and Africa and back to Key West, Florida, without refueling or landing. Today, Goodyear operates three airships in the United States -- the Spirit of America, based in the City of Carson, California; the Spirit of Goodyear, based in Akron, Ohio; and the Spirit of Innovation, based in Pompano Beach, Florida. (Retrieved from www.goodyearblimp.com Date of access 6/29/10)